Part One
‘We Are Pioneers’
Auckland Training College, 1926 – 1946
by Cameron Gregan*
The scoria field where Auckland Training College would relocate is visible in the right of the frame. Henry Winklemann, Epsom and One Tree Hill from Mount Eden, 1923, Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections 1-W0400.
In 1925, a building was erected at 72 Epsom Avenue. Where previously the area was littered with gorse and rocks, and popular among local children for playing games, the scoria field was now to accommodate Auckland Training College.
The ‘red’ building, as it was known to some trainees, was erected in 1925 and demolished in 1976. Henry Winklemann, Auckland Teachers Training College, Epsom, 1926, Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections 1-W0681.
Auckland Training College officially relocated from Wellesley Street to 72 Epsom Avenue in 1926. But teacher trainees entered the building for the first time in 1925, having carried equipment there from Wellesley Street. The trainees celebrated the occasion with dancing and singing, the College principal leading the way.
H.G. Cousins, Principal of Auckland Training College from 1917 to 1928. From Manuka 1956 (Jubilee Edition).
From 1926 to 1946, the feeling of camaraderie which prompted trainees to dance with their principal would define the experience of attending Auckland Training College. Indeed, the student community of Auckland Training College would thrive despite such challenges as the Great Depression or Second World War. But why was attending Auckland Training College from 1926 to 1946 such a socially fulfilling experience? This article hopes to answer that question. This article is also the first of three to investigate how political and organisational decisions affected the student community at Auckland Training College (or Auckland Teachers College, as it came to be known) from 1926 to 1986.
A Glorified Secondary School
First, the experience of attending Auckland Training College was designed to be socially fulfilling. As explained by Herbert Cousins, principal of Auckland Training College from 1919 to 1929, the College was meant to produce well-rounded individuals; and socialising trainees was critical to that goal. Consequently, the College’s courses were structured to encourage trainees to socialise and broaden their horizons.
Not coincidentally, this meant the experience of attending Auckland Training College was sometimes reminiscent of attending secondary school. From 1926 to 1964, trainees attended classes at College from 9:00am to 3:30pm, Monday through Friday. Their timetables allocated time to eating, socialising, assemblies, and participating in clubs and sports, and they generally did not choose what subjects they studied. Trainees also travelled between classes and activities in small groups of 25 to 30, called ‘sections’.
In addition, trainees were subject to strict rules. For instance, men and women had to enter the College’s main building through separate entrances and congregate in separate common-rooms. Additionally, the standards of dressing at College were so high that some trainees had to purchase clothes to attend. These rules were, in part, products of their time. But trainees were also closely supervised because from 1926 to 1946 (and until 1983), they were employees of the Auckland Education Board; paid to study.
Likely original members of Auckland Training College’s pioneering Māori Club, formed with the support of staff-member Olga Adams (third from right). But all are dressed according to the College’s strict rules of dressing. Unknown, Group at the Auckland Teachers Training College, Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections 755-ALB79-24-1.
Furthermore, the staff of Auckland Training College developed cunning strategies to encourage trainees to socialise and broaden their horizons. From 1926, it was rumoured that trainees’ employment prospects were affected by their attendance at social activities around the College. This drove some trainees to register for social events they never intended to attend. But while some trainees thought that the College was too much like a high school, or wished that the College posed a greater academic challenge, most trainees felt they benefited from the College’s holistic approach to teacher training.
Overcoming Challenges
From 1926 to 1946, the student community of Auckland Teachers College was close-knit. This is illustrated by trainees organising successful, and well-attended, social events despite the challenges faced by the College during this time-period.
The first of these challenges was the incompleteness of the College’s campus. Crucially, when 72 Epsom Avenue opened to students in 1926, the main building lacked a hall (finally completed in 1937). In consequence, the College suspended its previous programme of weekly assemblies and ‘social hours’ in 1926. Still, despite a lack of facilities, 1926 was not an uneventful year for the College. The cancelled social hours were replaced with fortnightly dances, held at either St. Sepulchre’s or St. Barnabas’ Hall. A multi-day tournament with Wellington Teachers Training College also took place. Another event organised in 1926 was the first annual Auckland Training College skiing trip, at Tongariro National Park. The trainees of 1926 understood the gravity of the occasion, but saw the incompleteness of their campus as cause for adventure. They trekked to Wellesley Street for basketball, the Domain for cricket, and the Tepid Baths for swimming. The editor of the 1926 edition of the College’s annual magazine, Manuka, obviously was feeling this adventurous spirit when they wrote: “In the year that is closing [1926], more than in previous years, the tendency to feel that we are pioneers is most strongly present.”
Auckland Training College trainees in the 1930s, likely visiting a beach as part of a ‘peripatetic’ (excursion) organised by the College. Unknown, Group at the Beach, Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections 755-ALB79-30-6.
The next challenge which might have fractured the student community of Auckland Training College was the Great Depression. The economic crisis cancelled the College’s tournament with Wellington Teachers Training College in 1931, and forced the College to close for the duration of 1934. But the trainees worked together to ensure that attending College was a positive experience, nonetheless. From 1931, for instance, the staff and trainees collaborated to stage a Christmas party for the relief-workers charged with improving their campus. In addition, trainees’ allowances were reduced in 1932. Still, Manuka reported on the 1932 annual College ball as follows: “The rainbows have adopted an inferiority complex since they saw some of the ladies’ dresses…” Finally, when Auckland Training College reopened in 1935, trainees returned to socialising with gusto. At the first meeting of the Dramatic Club in 1935, there were so many attendees that it was decided to divide the club into eight.
But 1934 was not the last time that 72 Epsom Avenue would close to trainees. In 1941, the College’s campus was requisitioned by the Auckland Hospital Board, and classes were relocated to the University College of Auckland. The experience was trying for trainees, as University students gawped at the women trainees during their Physical Education classes and subsequently stole some of those women’s exercise clothes and hung them from the University’s clock-tower.
An example of the Physical Education classes which so excited University students in 1941. Auckland Weekly News, Students of the Auckland Training College present a massed display of physical education and folk-dancing, Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections AWNS-19380420-53-02.
The student community of Auckland Training College rallied together to combat this harassment. Keith Sinclair, a teacher trainee in 1941 and later a professor of History at the University of Auckland, remembered the incident:
“We stole the University table-tennis tables, and donated them to the YMCA… We then captured what we believed was the University Student Executive and threw them into the Albert Park duck-pond [more likely, the Albert Park fountain]…”
It was later discovered that rather than dunking the University Student Executive, the Auckland Training College cohort had dunked the University Table-tennis Committee. Sinclair was called into the Auckland Training College principal’s office to explain. But the principal at the time, Duncan Rae, did not “express much disapproval”.
A picture of principal Duncan Rae with his daughter. The teacher trainees were fond of Duncan Rae and his family, jokingly referring to him once as Auckland Training College’s “ray of sunshine”. Miss Rae. From Manuka 1931.
Still, Duncan Rae might have learnt something from the incident, because when 72 Epsom Avenue was requisitioned again in 1942 (this time by New Zealand’s Armed Forces), classes were relocated to the Normal School adjoining 72 Epsom Avenue. According to one student, the experience was uncomfortable: “You sat with your notebook on your knee [during classes]… And I remember the toilets, were those child-size toilets.” But the student community of Auckland Training College refused to be fractured, even with most male trainees leaving for mandatory military training in 1942. The women students competed against their teachers in basketball. Other students organised a ‘mock court’ where staff-members submitted to be tried for such crimes as “having no fixed abode” (Duncan Rae). Thus, staff assisted in keeping the student community afloat, and organised weekly assemblies at the Crystal Palace Cinema on Mount Eden Road.
From 1906, there were always more women trainees at Auckland Training College compared to male trainees. But the disparity was particularly striking during the 1940s due to mandatory military training for men. Auckland Weekly News, Auckland Teachers’ Training College students give a concert in aid of patriotic funds, Auckland Libraries Heritage Collections AWNS-19411001-34-04.
Triumphs and Omens
In summary, from 1926 to 1946, the student community of Auckland Training College was close-knit. First, because courses at Auckland Training College were designed to encourage trainees to socialise. Second, because such challenges as the Great Depression and Second World War required a coordinated response from trainees. But the collegial atmosphere at Auckland Training College could not have survived the 1930s and 1940s without staff and trainees committing themselves to keeping that atmosphere alive. Indeed, it seems that from 1926 to 1946, staff and trainees shared a vision of Auckland Training College; it was an institution meant to socialise students and broaden their horizons. As a result, attending Auckland Training College was a positive and socially fulfilling experience for most trainees.
However, even from 1926, there were clues as to what might eventually fracture the student community of Auckland Training College. In 1927, a trainee wrote the following in Manuka: “The distance between College and [University] has reduced the College to little more than a secondary school, to be left at 3:30pm for most of us have to be at a 4 o’clock lecture.” This trainee was writing on behalf of the small, but growing, number of trainees attending College and University simultaneously (so they might graduate with a teacher’s qualification and a University degree). These trainees struggled to attend social events at Auckland Training College. For instance, in 1932, the Auckland Training College Sketch Club reported that attendance at meetings had fallen towards the end of the year due to University examinations.
In addition, trainees who attended College and University simultaneously were traversing institutions with radically different objectives. Auckland Training College aimed to provide trainees with a holistic education, and to equip them with skills which would serve them well as teachers (skills which would be difficult to assess by traditional means). Meanwhile, University prioritised depth of experience over breadth of experience, and encouraged students to distinguish themselves academically. Some trainees who attended College and University were able to reconcile these different approaches to education. But others could not understand, or accept, the more abstract objective of Auckland Training College and its courses. Even from 1926, there were clues that trainees were beginning to expect from College an experience different from that which College was engineered to provide.
As discussed in the second article in this series, this change in attitude would combine with several other pressures to force Auckland Training College to subtly change from 1947 to 1964.